-fsyntax-only is to check the code for syntax errors, and don't do anything beyond that.

-xc is to specify C language. Other interesting option for example c++. This flag is mandatory when reading from stdin.

- is to read text from stdin.

<<< is to redirect text to stdin of a command, also known as a here string. You can read more about this in man bash in the Here Strings section.

Note that "text snippet" must be enclosed within double-quotes, otherwise only the first word will be part of the here string, the rest will be interpreted as additional command line arguments to the gcc program.